Ethereum Classic Fork December 12 What You Need to Know

Page concluding updated: March four, 2022

A timeline of all the major milestones, forks, and updates to the Ethereum blockchain.

What are forks?

Changes to the rules of the Ethereum protocol which often include planned technical upgrades.

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Forks are when major technical upgrades or changes need to be fabricated to the network – they typically stem from Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) and alter the "rules" of the protocol.

When upgrades are needed in traditional, centrally-controlled software, the company volition just publish a new version for the end-user. Blockchains work differently because there is no fundamental ownership. Ethereum clients must update their software to implement the new fork rules. Plus block creators (miners in a proof-of-piece of work world, validators in a proof-of-stake world) and nodes must create blocks and validate against the new rules. More on consensus mechanisms

These rule changes may create a temporary dissever in the network. New blocks could exist produced according to the new rules or the sometime ones. Forks are usually agreed upon ahead of time so that clients adopt the changes in unison and the fork with the upgrades becomes the main concatenation. However, in rare cases, disagreements over forks tin crusade the network to permanently separate – most notably the creation of Ethereum Classic with the DAO fork.

Looking for hereafter protocol upgrades? Learn nearly upcoming upgrades to Ethereum.

Dec-09-2021 07:55:23 PM +UTC
🧱Block number: thirteen,773,000
ETH price: $4111 USD
ethereum.org on waybackmachine

The Arrow Glacier network upgrade pushed back the difficulty bomb by several months. This is the only change introduced in this upgrade, and is similar in nature to the Muir Glacier upgrade. Similar changes have been performed on the Byzantium, Constantinople and London network upgrades.

• EF Web log - Arrow Glacier Upgrade Announcement
• Ethereum True cat Herders - Ethereum Arrow Glacier Upgrade

Pointer Glacier EIPs

Official improvements included in this upgrade.

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• EIP-4345 – delays the difficulty flop until June 2022

Exist sure to upgrade your client software to the latest version before Dec 5, 2021 to account for variable block times. This will aid avoid having your customer sync to a pre-fork chain, resulting in the inability to send funds or properly verify transactions.

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Oct-27-2021 10:56:23 AM +UTC
🧱Epoch number: 74,240
ETH price: $4024 USD
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The Altair upgrade was the starting time scheduled upgrade for the Beacon Concatenation. It added support for "sync committees"—enabling lite clients, and bringing validator inactivity and slashing penalties up to their total values.

• Read the Altair upgrade specification

Altair was the first major network upgrade that had an exact rollout fourth dimension. Every upgrade prior had been based on a alleged block number on the proof-of-work chain, where block times vary. The Buoy Chain does not require solving for proof-of-piece of work, and instead works on a time-based epoch system consisting of 32 twelve-second "slots" of time where validators can advise blocks. This is why we knew exactly when we would hitting epoch 74,240 and Altair became live!

• Beaconcha.in Glossary - Slots

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Aug-05-2021 12:33:42 PM +UTC
🧱 Block number: 12,965,000
ETH price: $2621 USD
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The London upgrade introduced EIP-1559, which reformed the transaction fee marketplace, along with changes to how gas refunds are handled and the Water ice Age schedule.

• Are you a dApp developer? Be sure to upgrade your libraries and tooling.
• Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement
• Read the Ethereum True cat Herder's explainer

London EIPs

Official improvements included in this upgrade.

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• EIP-1559 – improves the transaction fee market
• EIP-3198 – returns the BASEFEE from a block
• EIP-3529 - reduces gas refunds for EVM operations
• EIP-3541 - prevents deploying contracts starting with 0xEF
• EIP-3554 – delays the Ice Age until December 2021

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Apr-15-2021 10:07:03 AM +UTC
🧱 Block number: 12,244,000
ETH price: $2454 USD
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The Berlin upgrade optimized gas price for certain EVM deportment, and increases support for multiple transaction types.

• Read the Ethereum Foundation proclamation
• Read the Ethereum Cat Herder's explainer

Berlin EIPs

Official improvements included in this upgrade.

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• EIP-2565 – lowers ModExp gas price
• EIP-2718 – enables easier support for multiple transaction types
• EIP-2929 – gas price increases for state admission opcodes
• EIP-2930 – adds optional admission lists

Dec-01-2020 12:00:35 PM +UTC
🧱 Beacon Chain block number: 1
ETH price: $586.23 USD
ethereum.org on waybackmachine

The Beacon Chain needed 16384 deposits of 32 staked ETH to ship securely. This happened on November 27, meaning the Beacon Chain started producing blocks on Dec i, 2020. This is an of import first step in achieving the Ethereum vision.

Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement

The Beacon Chain

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Oct-14-2020 09:22:52 AM +UTC
🧱 Cake number: 11,052,984
ETH price: $379.04 USD
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The staking deposit contract introduced staking to the Ethereum ecosystem. Although a Mainnet contract, information technology had a straight bear upon on the timeline for launching the Beacon Chain, an important Ethereum upgrade.

Read the Ethereum Foundation annunciation

Staking

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January-02-2020 08:30:49 AM +UTC
🧱 Cake number: nine,200,000
ETH price: $127.xviii USD
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The Muir Glacier fork introduced a delay to the difficulty flop. Increases in block difficulty of the proof-of-work consensus mechanism threatened to degrade the usability of Ethereum past increasing wait times for sending transactions and using dapps.

• Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement
• Read the Ethereum Cat Herder's explainer

Muir Glacier EIPs

Official improvements included in this fork.

More

• EIP-2384 – delays the difficulty flop for another 4,000,000 blocks, or ~611 days.

December-08-2019 12:25:09 AM +UTC
🧱 Cake number: 9,069,000
ETH price: $151.06 USD
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The Istanbul fork:

• Optimised the gas cost of certain deportment in the EVM.
• Improved deprival-of-service attack resilience.
• Fabricated Layer two scaling solutions based on SNARKs and STARKs more performant.
• Enabled Ethereum and Zcash to interoperate.
• Immune contracts to introduce more creative functions.

Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement

Istanbul EIPs

Official improvements included in this fork.

More than

• EIP-152 – let Ethereum to work with privacy-preserving currency like Zcash.
• EIP-1108 – cheaper cryptography to improve gas costs.
• EIP-1344 – protects Ethereum against replay attacks by calculation CHAINID opcode.
• EIP-1884 – optimising opcode gas prices based on consumption.
• EIP-2028 – reduces the toll of CallData to allow more information in blocks – proficient for Layer 2 scaling.
• EIP-2200 – other opcode gas price alterations.

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February-28-2019 07:52:04 PM +UTC
🧱 Block number: 7,280,000
ETH price: $136.29 USD
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The Constantinople fork:

• Ensured the blockchain didn't freeze before proof-of-stake was implemented.
• Optimised the gas cost of certain actions in the EVM.
• Added the ability to interact with addresses that haven't been created nevertheless.

Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement

Constantinople EIPs

Official improvements included in this fork.

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• EIP-145 – optimises cost of certain on-chain actions.
• EIP-1014 – allows yous to interact with addresses that have yet to be created.
• EIP-1052 – optimises toll of certain on-chain actions.
• EIP-1234 – makes certain the blockchain doesn't freeze before proof-of-stake.

October-xvi-2017 05:22:11 AM +UTC
🧱 Block number: 4,370,000
ETH price: $334.23 USD
ethereum.org on waybackmachine

The Byzantium fork:

• Reduced cake mining rewards from v to 3 ETH.
• Delayed the difficulty flop by a year.
• Added ability to brand not-state-changing calls to other contracts.
• Added sure cryptography methods to allow for layer 2 scaling.

Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement

Byzantium EIPs

Official improvements included in this fork.

More than

• EIP-140 – adds REVERT opcode.
• EIP-658 – status field added to transaction receipts to indicate success or failure.
• EIP-196 – adds elliptic bend and scalar multiplication to allow for ZK-Snarks.
• EIP-197 – adds elliptic curve and scalar multiplication to allow for ZK-Snarks.
• EIP-198 – enables RSA signature verification.
• EIP-211 – adds support for variable length return values.
• EIP-214 – adds STATICCALL opcode, assuasive non-state-changing calls to other contracts.
• EIP-100 – changes difficulty adjustment formula.
• EIP-649 – delays difficulty bomb past one year and reduces block reward from v to 3 ETH.

Nov-22-2016 04:15:44 PM +UTC
🧱 Block number: ii,675,000
ETH toll: $ix.84 USD
ethereum.org on waybackmachine

The Spurious Dragon fork was the second response to the denial of service (DoS) attacks on the network (September/October 2016) including:

• tuning opcode pricing to prevent future attacks on the network.
• enabling "debloat" of the blockchain land.
• adding replay assault protection.

Read the Ethereum Foundation declaration

Spurious Dragon EIPs

Official improvements included in this fork.

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• EIP-155 – prevents transactions from one Ethereum chain from being rebroadcasted on an alternative chain, for example a testnet transaction being replayed on the chief Ethereum chain.
• EIP-160 – adjusts prices of EXP opcode – makes information technology more than difficult to slow down the network via computationally expensive contract operations.
• EIP-161 – allows for removal of empty accounts added via the DOS attacks.
• EIP-170 – changes the maximum code size that a contract on the blockchain tin take – to 24576 bytes.

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October-eighteen-2016 01:19:31 PM +UTC
🧱 Block number: ii,463,000
ETH price: $12.50 USD
ethereum.org on waybackmachine

The Tangerine Whistle fork was the kickoff response to the denial of service (DoS) attacks on the network (September/October 2016) including:

• addressing urgent network wellness bug concerning underpriced operation codes.

Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement

Tangerine Whistle EIPs

Official improvements included in this fork.

More than

• EIP-150 – increases gas costs of opcodes that can be used in spam attacks.
• EIP-158 – reduces land size by removing a large number of empty accounts that were put in the state at very depression cost due to flaws in earlier versions of the Ethereum protocol.

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Jul-xx-2016 01:20:40 PM +UTC
🧱 Cake number: 1,920,000
ETH price: $12.54 USD
ethereum.org on waybackmachine

The DAO fork was in response to the 2016 DAO set on where an insecure DAO contract was drained of over 3.half-dozen meg ETH in a hack. The fork moved the funds from the faulty contract to a new contract with a unmarried role: withdraw. Anyone who lost funds could withdraw 1 ETH for every 100 DAO tokens in their wallets.

This class of action was voted on by the Ethereum community. Any ETH holder was able to vote via a transaction on a voting platform. The decision to fork reached over 85% of the votes.

Some miners refused to fork because the DAO incident wasn't a defect in the protocol. They went on to form Ethereum Classic.

Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement

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Mar-14-2016 06:49:53 PM +UTC
🧱 Block number: one,150,000
ETH cost: $12.50 USD
ethereum.org on waybackmachine

The Homestead fork that looked to the hereafter. It included several protocol changes and a networking change that gave Ethereum the ability to exercise further network upgrades.

Read the Ethereum Foundation declaration

Homestead EIPs

Official improvements included in this fork.

More than

• EIP-2 – makes edits to contract creation procedure.
• EIP-vii – adds new opcode: DELEGATECALL
• EIP-8 – introduces devp2p forward compatibility requirements

Sep-07-2015 09:33:09 PM +UTC
🧱 Block number: 200,000
ETH price: $1.24 USD
ethereum.org on waybackmachine

The frontier thawing fork lifted the 5,000 gas limit per cake and set the default gas price to 51 gwei. This allowed for transactions – transactions require 21,000 gas.

Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement

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Jul-30-2015 03:26:xiii PM +UTC
🧱 Block number: 0
ETH cost: N/A
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Frontier was a live, only barebone implementation of the Ethereum project. Information technology followed the successful Olympic testing phase. It was intended for technical users, specifically developers. Blocks had a gas limit of v,000. This 'thawing' period enabled miners to start their operations and for early on adopters to install their clients without having to 'blitz'.

Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement

July 22 - September 02, 2014
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Ether officially went on auction for 42 days. You could buy information technology with BTC.

Read the Ethereum Foundation announcement

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April 01, 2014
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The Yellow Paper, authored by Dr. Gavin Wood, is a technical definition of the Ethereum protocol.

View the Yellow Paper

November 27, 2013
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The introductory paper, published in 2013 by Vitalik Buterin, the founder of Ethereum, before the project's launch in 2015.

Whitepaper

myersgral1938.blogspot.com

Source: https://ethereum.org/en/history/

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